Writing For Magazines

Composing For Magazines Composing For Magazines Composing For Magazines By Sharon Theres more to composing for magazines than getting your name into Cosmopolitan. A large number of new magazines are propelled each year and its a major market for independent scholars. Actually, its considerably greater now that such a large number of magazines have an online nearness. Things being what they are, how would you approach composing a magazine article that will sell? What Magazine Articles Do I concede, I didnt know this when I composed my first magazine article, yet most magazine articles do one of four things. They illuminate, adding as far as anyone is concerned about a subject. They help you to take care of an issue. They convince you about a specific perspective. They engage you. A few articles accomplish more than a unique little something simultaneously. Step by step instructions to Structure A Magazine Article When youre prepared to compose then you have to consider structure. With magazine articles, you can move past the modified pyramid of news. Rather, you can work to a significant point or dissipate significant focuses all through the article. Reveal to A Story The key thing to recall is that youre recounting to a story to your perusers. That implies you need a start, a center and an end. It likewise implies you have to consider where youre taking your peruser and make a legitimate way to that end point. Starting Your Magazine Article The primary thing you have to do is get individuals to peruse your article, so you have to figure out how to snatch them. At the point when I talk with individuals, I regularly start the subsequent article with a statement or a story from their life. In any case, you can likewise put things in place or use whatever will get consideration. The Middle With most magazine articles, you converse with an individual or individuals. Individuals like finding out about others, so if your interviewee says something great, utilize a statement as opposed to revealed discourse. This makes your magazine article additionally fascinating. Completion Your Magazine Article At last, end with a blast. This could be a significant point, a disclosure, or another story or statement. The thought is to fulfill your peruser and to get that peruser keen on your other composition. Additional Credit At the point when you research an article, you frequently have data left over that didnt make it into the fundamental piece. Dont dispose of this. Use it to make a sidebar or table (editors will adore this), or as the beginning stage for another article. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Freelance Writing classification, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:Regarding Re:Loan, Lend, Loaned, Lent10 Tips About How to Write a Caption

Sojourner Truth Essays - American Slaves, Sojourner Truth

Sojourner Truth In a regularly changing world , the advancement of man has been the generally extreme regarding mechanical, natural, and passionate progression. With incredible extensions in the different regions referenced before the person has disregarded the very element of there presence, and the intensity of thinking, the capacity to fathom directly from wrong without mutilation. The Account of Sojourner Truth shows the hardships that were suffered: oppression, lack of education, underclassing, severe ambushes, and murders. The African - American ladies were classed as shoddy rate in the human scale that was executed by the slaveowners; ordered under the whites, at that point under the African-American guys. The African-American ladies were kept in great representing the comfort of youngster bearing. Overburdened with the hardships of subjection Sojourner Truth had the option to succeed with profound convictions. Sojourner Truth's solidness was made conceivable by a solid confidence in the Holy Spirit. God was the significant wellspring of direction, furthermore, self control from the beginning of the slave exchange until the liberation of subjugation. Subjection was organized on a mass scale and made the detachment of numerous families all together guarantee that slaves would stay with there separate experts. Acquiescence to the slaveowners was viewed as sacrosanct. Slaves were intellectually modified to accept there experts were divine beings. The spouses of the slaveowners were viewed as goddess' ,with there prime expectation on down playing the every day work done by the African-American ladies. This was obvious with Sojourner's first slave courtesan, the continuos work schedule that was suffer by Sojourner, was hard for guys to achieved. the slaves faithful to there aces. Obliviousness of the slaves was a significant point regarding reliability. Considering slave information was restricted, regarding the hereditary appearance, convictions, and language; slaveowners could utilize this in a stooping way to situate themselves as divine beings according to Sojourner and different slaves. As of now she viewed her lord as a God; and accepted that he could see her consistently, even as God himself. 1 Female African-American's were shielded from encountering any type of higher learning, they were limited to normal family unit tasks obligations that were befitting of a servant. The larger part were sent to perform field obligations. The Narrative plainly shows that Sojourner (a.k.a.) Isabella was exposed to this kind of work all through her grown-up life ,mean while her life started to come to fruition in spite of the continuos abridging of her passionate development. This is legitimately identified with her mom's early declaration about the most elevated spirits and the extent of his capacity in relations to misery and troubling circumstances. My youngsters there is a God, who hears and sees you, A God, mau-mau! where does he live? asked the kids. He lives in the sky, she answered, and when you are beaten ,or pitilessly treated, or fall into any difficulty, you should solicit help from him, and he will consistently hear and support you. She instructed them to bottom and state the Lord's supplication. 2 Underclassing misused the African American ladies generally Sojourner was evaluated below average by the spouse of her slave driver, the ace was keen to the slave that would work for a considerable length of time upon days without rest. Not at all like some other slave Sojourner would work entire heartedly with no type of faltering. Regarding perspectives on different remaining tasks at hand, and distinctive employment types, a nearby. Despite the fact that Sojourner was exceptionally noted as a slave she was constantly sited as something that was irrespectfull of a human. It was a fine triumph for Sojourner and her lord, and she turned out to be more yearning than any other time in recent memory to satisfy him; and he animated her aspiration by his acclamation, and by bragging her to his companions, revealing to them that that vixen (highlighting Isabel) is smarter to me than a man-for she will do a decent family's washing in the night, and be prepared in the first part of the day to go into the field, where she will do as much at raking and official as my best hands. 3 Sojourner's hard working attitudes were received without the impetus of money related increase or responsibility for. Installment was the duration of life, opportunities to have

Understanding And Application Of Knowledge In The Area Of SOCIAL

Understanding And Application Of Knowledge In The Area Of SOCIAL Understanding And Application Of Knowledge In The Area Of SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY â€" Essay Example > Understanding and Application of Knowledge in the area of Social PsychologySocial psychology is considered to be a field of knowledge created by the overlapping fields of sociology and psychology. Professionals within both sociology and psychology tend to adopt different approaches to social psychology. Psychologists hold the view that the individual influences society, while sociologists take the opposing view, that society influences the individual. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that, apart from being a controversial area of study, knowledge in the area of social psychology can contribute towards the solving of social problems in the real world, provided it is properly understood and applied. One example which demonstrates the effective use of social psychology is the concept of stereotypes. Stereotypes are simplified evaluations of social groups and their members, based on (usually externally visible) characteristics such as gender, age, nationality and so on. The se characterizations are either of a positive or negative nature and they tend to be widely shared, especially by members of a particular social, political, economic or ethnic group (Myers, 2008). According to the author, “Stereotypes are often based on observable characteristics such as appearance, personality traits, typical interests and aspirations, and preferred activities and occupations. ” Some stereotypes are factual, some stereotypes are exaggerations of fact, while other stereotypes are complete fabrications. The risk of using stereotypes is that they are simplifications of reality and generalizations about the assumed characteristics of groups. Therefore, stereotypes do not necessarily predict the actual characteristics or behaviour of any member of stereotyped groups. However, it is important to note that many stereotypes are adopted early in life, before a child has independent knowledge and/or experience of the groups they refer to. Unfortunately, stereotypes are usually more hostile in the presence of social tensions and conflict between groups, and they are often a cause and/or effect of prejudice and discrimination. In a nutshell, Moghaddam (1998) states that stereotyping happens when any member of a social group is presumed to have the same characteristics as other members of the group, despite any actual differences between members of that social group. According to this author, stereotyping is not inherently wrong, as it is not always an intentional act of abuse. Nevertheless, the author acknowledges that stereotypes held about groups which are minorities or considered to be subordinate are commonly negative. .Some stereotypes are acquired through personal experience with members of the stereotyped group, but such stereotypes are vulnerable to bias due to differences in perception between members of different groups. It is not uncommon for the behaviour of one member of a group at a particular time to be interpreted as the standard b ehaviour of all other group members all the time. Other stereotypes exist as the result of an individual’s interactions with family, friends and the media. These interactions operate to fortify stereotypes, because individuals are constantly bombarded with simplified generalizations about other groups, and so stereotypes become strongly implanted into social norms. In addition, the media contributes towards the reinforcement of prevalent stereotypes, as media practitioners also believe in many stereotypes.

Contemporary Political Ideas Of Liberalism - 2003 Words

Many contemporary political ideas concerning Liberalism have arisen from theories written by Benjamin Constant, a Swiss-French political activist. The central principles of Liberalism are rights and popular sovereignty. Constant’s defense of individual rights are very much tied up with the idea of limiting state power. His work reveals a subtle suspicion of governmental power and a slight anxiety over the risks of giving power to those who may not have societal interest at heart. The critique of society made by Constant has underlying similarities and forthright differences with the Communist theorist Karl Marx. Marx wrote about true political representation and the ways in which political power in certain hands can revolutionize society. In terms of popular sovereignty and democracy, the two scholars seem to write in the interest of the sovereign, the social body. They are opposed on the topic of rights, especially property rights — the Communist theory is centered aro und the abolition of such, whereas Constant writes that property owners are better qualified for politics. The similarities within their theories lie in their writings on representation and their ideas concerning which hands power should be concentrated into. Constant argues for popular sovereignty through an argument against political sovereignty. His logic behind limiting government power and enacting direct elections is concerned with popular sovereignty. In the Principles of Politics, it is articulatedShow MoreRelatedHistorical Developments And Social Changes Essay1295 Words   |  6 PagesGiven the fact that political theories must continually respond to historical developments and social changes, no significant political tradition worthy of its name can afford to remain in the state of stasis. 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I will show, in my opinion, how the rise of liberalism has kept alive modern and contemporaryRead MoreIdeals of Liberalism Expressed in President Obamas Speeches 1470 Words   |  6 Pages What both these speeches hold in common, is the logic behind the liberalism tradition of international relations. The foundations of the President’s speeches are set in the ideals of liberalism from which rise three strands of modern liberal thinking: economic, social, and political. â€Å"Liberalism is a distinct ideology and set of institutions that has shaped the perceptions of and capacities for foreign relations of political society that range from social welfare or social democratic to laissezRead MoreThe Development of Liberalism throught the Ages1377 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' In this paper, an attempt has been made to capture the journey from classical liberalism and its transformation down the ages. The idea of liberalism originated in Europe with the thoughts of political philosophers like J.S. Mill, Herbert Spencer, John Locke. They were of the opinion that state activities can regulate an individual in so far as it aids towards his self expression and individual action. They also said that states were supposed to help economic transaction by controllingRead More A Cultural Problem, an Economic Crisis1099 Words   |  5 Pagesthe result of the new culture of neo-liberalism and the hyper-individuality and debt-based consumption that it brought with it. What’s worse is that, without an admission of this new culture, or any effort to change it, our current economic system will be regularly plagued with such crises from here on into the future. Before any efforts can be made towards a cultural shift however, we must first understand, at least briefly, the current socio-political ideas that are creating such issues in theRead MoreA Contemporary Analysis : Immigration And The Three Theoretical Paradigms1749 Words   |  7 PagesA Contemporary Analysis: Immigration and the Three Theoretical Paradigms Chris Ek Salisbury University Abstract The three theoretical paradigms of liberalism, mercantilism, and Marxism all create different analyses of certain contemporary issues. Leaders in society today use the paradigms to help create opinions over economics, immigration, and other key subjects that world leaders are constantly debating. Although, the knowledge of the basic foundations of each theory is extremely importantRead MoreRelationship Between Liberalism And Conservatism1317 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will assess the relationship between liberalism and conservatism by exploring the differences in ideological beliefs of these two ideologies. Ideology can be defined as â€Å"set of interrelated and more or less coherent ideas† that constitutes of both â€Å"descriptive and normative element† on how a society works (Heywood, 2007, pp. 6-7). One of the most popular ideology in contemporary politics is liberalism which accord individual liberty and free market as its primary priority. On the otherRead MoreThe Racism Of Black Resentment900 Words   |  4 Pagesstill constitute racism; it is called color blind racism. The idea that blacks are better off today than 50 years ago, but will not reach the superiority as whites hold in many institutions. Color blind racism ideologies operate in four frames which is abstract liberalism, biologization of culture, naturalization of racial matter, and minimization of racism. Abstract liberalism involves race related issues in the language of liberalism; whites can appear reasonable and moral, while opposing almostRead MoreThe Development Of Liberalism After The Chinese Economic Reform And Open Up1708 Words   |  7 PagesFriedrich von Hayek elaborates the necessity of economic freedom to the formulation of liberalism. In the 1980s, China, a country undergoing dramatic economic program, worshiped Hayek’s idea, and fiercely debated the extent of government interventionism in this entire process. Following Hayek’s logic, a pure and complete economic freedom would inevitably lead to political liberalism. In contrast, a manipulated economy, like the one China developed before 1977, suppressed consumers’ freedom, and facilitatedRead MoreThe Russian-Ukraine Issue1108 Words   |  4 Pagescold-war, through the usage of a wide variety of mass media, has challenged people to believe that Russia has been brainwashing its own citizens, as well as believe that Ukraine had persistently tried to resist this open type of propaganda. The main idea of this event is throwing us back to the end of the 2013, when people had just decided to strike, because of the non-competency of our (Ukrainian) ex-government in signing the EU trade agreement. At first glance, it was just a simple reaction, just

Prospects Restaurant Is All About Teaching And Engaging...

Prospects Prospects restaurant is all about teaching and engaging teens and young kids. On the back of the clipboard is a white board which gives users the opportunity to connect with others at the table and get a little creative. Unlike the menu system the colors of the cookbook are dulled down, so it’s easier on the eyes of adults. For this project I wanted to use bright colors to get younger people intrigued. This restaurant is all about teaching and engaging teens and young kids. On the back of the clipboard is a white board which gives users the opportunity to connect with others at the table and get a little creative while waiting for their meal. Inside Outside In Mental disorders are some of the least talked about illnesses in the world. For this project I wanted to create a museum exhibit that not only educated about the history of mental disorders, but also show what it feels like to live with a disorder and how they can help. I used light blues and pale red oranges to keep a calm feeling through out the exhibit. I chose to used curved intersecting lines to show how it can feel for some people who have mental disorders. The illustrations in the in the art exhibit and the mailer are by Ellen Forney, author of Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me . Ceramic Arts Daily Book Covers Ceramic Arts Daily is a website that focuses on teaching artist new techniques to use while working with clay. They have a variety of written tutorials as well as videos.Show MoreRelatedContent Analysis of Focus Group Data7519 Words   |  31 Pagesassociate professor in the Department of Educational Leadership, Marie Steichen is a research assistant professor at the Cencer for Engagement and Community Development, and Gabriela Diaz de Sabates is an instructor in the Department of Women s Studies, all at Kansas State University. 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This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright  © 2009, 2006, 2004, 2001, 1998, 1995, 1992, 1989, 1986, 1981, 1976 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107Read MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesmost entertaining part of such a course. The ‘full story’ that follows this summary gives you considerable detail about how to go about a case analysis, but for now here is a brief account. Before we start, a word about attitude – make it a real exercise. You have a set of historical facts; use a rigorous system to work out what strategies should be followed. 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Many People Have Different Learning Styles Free Essays

Your role of organizing and delivering training tarts by identifying the learners’ needs. Before the course starts, You need to carry out an initial assessment of all learners, by direct contact or through their training manager / unit manager. Planning Your responsibilities are: 1 . We will write a custom essay sample on Many People Have Different Learning Styles or any similar topic only for you Order Now To ensure that once the syllabus is known, you prepare for the lesson and lesson plans generated 2. To ensure the course structure and timetable are developed 3. To ensure that resources are planned IEEE laptops, projectors etc 4. To ensure accommodation is suitable 5. To get to know our students and their needs 6. To ensure that our knowledge is up to date 7. Organization is number 1 priority in delivering a good lesson 8. To organize the class room layout to suit the group you are teaching. It is necessary to keep up to date with any changes in the training curriculum, especially in SST John Ambulance as things like first aid modifications / principals change frequently to keep up with modern changes in everyday lifestyle and delivering first aid or methods in teaching. Shoots Ambulance offer regular training days / evenings to keep up to date with any changes. Boundaries with Planning There are limitations with planning, in that a Teacher can only plan for what s known and there may be unexpected occurrences that have to be dealt with in the lesson. However, there also has to be an element of â€Å"expect the unexpected† Delivery Your responsibilities are 1. To ensure that delivery is clear and concise 2. That standards are maintained 3. That YOU deliver your lesson to a consistently high standard 4. That YOU deliver a differentiated lesson taking into account different learning styles, and a differentiated lesson to engage learners at different levels. How to cite Many People Have Different Learning Styles, Essays

Research in Business The Turbulent Environment

Question: Describe about the Research in Business for The Turbulent Environment. Answer: Introduction The turbulent environment in a company can be defined as the change that occurs in the business process due to the change in the external environmental condition. The environmental turbulence can have a huge impact on the internal condition of a company. The change in the external market can occur due to many reasons like global recessions, financial crisis and unemployment. An enterprise can face huge financial loss due to the impact of the turbulent environment. Hence, the turbulent environment can damage the performance of the organization. Chan Cui (2016), stated that the negative effects related to the turbulent environment can lower the reputation of the company. In the modern age of business, rapid change in the business environment is highly common phenomena. The change that occurs in the external environment due to turbulent is of uncertain and unpredictable in nature. Hence, it is highly challenging for the management of an organization to deal with the changes. The small and the medium scale industries are affected worst due to the effect of turbulent change. According to Eden Ackermann (2013), it is difficult for a company to characterize the nature of the turbulent environment and thus preparing suitable plan to deal with these situations is challenging. The company needs to do extensive research work from a different context to make the best use of the situation that has led to the turbulent environmental condition. The socio-economic condition is one of the best ways that can be adopted by the company to make effective strategic planning. The companies also need to make economic planning avoid financial loss due to the unpredicted business condition. According to Dibrell, Craig Neubaum (2014), a business organization need to have effective strategic management planning to minimize the adverse effects related to the turbulent environment. Flexibility in the planning process of a company can help to deal with the changes that occur in the external business environment. In spite of the fact that it is difficult to predict the changes that occur due to turbulent environment, it is crucial to prepare contingency plan for the unfavorable scenario. One of the most important characteristics of every successful enterprise is to predict these unfavorable conditions ahead of their business rivals so that it is possible to minimize the financial loss. Moreover, it is also necessary to respond faster and even try to make best competitive advantage of the situation. The high-performance rate and effective planning of the large scale business firms are the keys to avoiding the adverse effects that are associated with the turbulent business environment. The managers of the company need to have effective decision-making skills to make effective planning during the time of crisis (Wolf Floyd, 2013). With the help of strategic planning, it is possible to make critical planning during the time of turbulent environment. Problem Statement The globalization is one of the most commonly occurred phenomena in the modern day business. However, due to the globalization, the small and medium scale industry faces huge problem due to the stiff level of competition. The demand of the consumer changes vastly due to the introduction of innovative marketing strategies. The frequent changes in the international business environment are the main reasons for the turbulence. McDonald (2013), believes that this turbulent business environment is mainly responsible for the failure of the small and the medium scale industries that are trying to establish their brand name in the international market. The multinational companies are also facing huge financial loss due to these crisis situations of the market. Hence, these companies are forced to reduce the total number of workers, thereby leading to the problem of unemployment. The rapid rate of progress in the technological world is also causing the huge change in the international business. In spite of the fact that the technological revolution is helping in the expansion process of international business, on many occasions, they are associated with turbulent environment condition. The turbulent environment can be of different types depending upon the nature of and origin of change. External forces like political, economic, ecological, legal, infrastructure and technological factors are mainly responsible for these turbulent environments. The main challenge that is associated with the turbulent environment is that it is nearly impossible to predict this external environment and hence, the small and medium scale industries can never prepare the continence plans. Moreover, the workers in the companies may not be prepared to accept the change in the policy that is implemented by the management hence; they are not able to perform to their best capability. This, in turn, can lower the performance level of the company. Research Objective and Research Questions The main aim of this research project is to investigate policies adopted by high performing business organizations to deal with the turbulent business environment. These strategies can be implemented by small and medium scale industries to minimize the adverse effects related to the unfavorable turbulent environment. Moreover, it will help the business firms to predict the future unfavorable business environment with high level of accuracy. What is the strategic management process of high performing business firms to deal with the unfavorable turbulent environment? How can the small and the medium scale industries prepare for the turbulent business environment? How is it possible to predict the turbulent business environment with high level of accuracy? What planning is necessary for newly developed firms and startups to avoid the adverse effects of unfavorable business environment? Justification of the Research Project Channon Jalland (2016), believes that the corporate level strategy planning can be highly effective to deal with the turbulent business environment. It helps an organisation to evolve by adopting the cognitive representation of the competitive environment of the firm. It also helps in the evolution by shifting the balance of the company at the organizational level and thereby increasing the dynamic strategy of the company. The long jump strategies at the corporate level are highly effective to deal with the unpredictable changes. The corporate planning can also help in the process of organizational architecture. This helps to develop the corporate framework of the company and thereby assist in the process of coordination among the employees. The effectiveness of the corporate level of planning to deal with the turbulent environment has been a matter of great debate. According to Mitchell (2013), the corporate strategy can have a negligible effect to neutralize the adverse effects related to unfavorable business conditions. Nevertheless, with effective planning, it is possible for large-scale corporation to make the best use of any unpredicted adverse situations. The turbulent environments in the large scale enterprise are mainly characterized by the high level of complexity, dynamism and uncertainty. During the time of turbulent environment the company is not able to meet the demand of their clients and hence have to compromise the level of client satisfaction. However, the strategies that are prepared by large scale Business Corporation are highly effective to deal with the turbulent environment and additionally gain competitive advantage. The main purpose of this research is to understand the cause of the turbulent business environment. This will help the small and the medium scale industries to make contingency plan and thereby better preparations for all unfavorable external business environment. Strategy formulation is one of the main reasons for the high performing business firms are able to discover innovative techniques to deal with the turbulent environments. It is important for the business firms to lower the level of uncertainty with the help of better prediction power. The final report of this research work will help in the framing of the strategy that is effective in the turbulent environment. The success in the modern business is highly dependent on the capability to predict the coming of turbulent environment (Peppard, Galliers Thorogood, 2014). Therefore, prediction of these conditions is crucial for all business companies. This can help an enterprise to gain competitive advantage over the rivals. The r esult of this research work will also help to measure the level of turbulent and also identify the underlying reasons for them. Expected Outcome of the Research The outcome of these research works will help to understand the reasons for the occurrences of the turbulent business environment. This will ultimately help the small and medium-sized industries to make effective strategy planning for improving the business performance during unfavourable external business environment. The research will also be able to highlight how the large scale companies implement strategic planning to overcome the adverse business conditions. The outcomes of this research will help to fulfil all the objectives and provide answers to all the research questions. The result of this research will help the newly formed business firms and startups to make effective planning for the adverse business conditions and make the best use of the turbulent environment. Research Methodology According to Bergh Ketchen (2011), selection of appropriate research methodology aligning with the particular research study helps to conduct a research systematically and ethically. In this research, the researcher would undertake appropriate research methodology based on the research aim and objectives. The author, while conducting this research would incorporate the following components of research methodology: Research Philosophy According to Bernard (2011), epistemology is one of the important branch of philosophy, which includes positivism, interpretivism and realism. The positivism philosophy supports the assessment of available primary data based on the existing evidences, facts and true facts recorded. In contrast, interpretivism philosophy supports human perception, which influences the researcher to deal with the research issues based on self-perception in a particular situation (Harrison Reilly, 2011). I contrast to these two theories, the realism philosophy is a perception that depict, the reality related aspects could be independent from the conceptual aspects or perceptions in a ontological way. Based on the research objective, which includes the investigation of high performing firms presentation in a turbulent business environment, the researcher would select the positivism philosophy to be suitable for this study. It is because, with the help of this philosophy, the author would be able to unde rtake logical and critical investigation on the business performance of the firms. Research Approach There are two types of theoretical underpinning or research approach, i.e., inductive and deductive approach. Pickard (2012), claimed that inductive approach is crucial for the research work, when there is a need for the establishment of new theories according to the research issue. It helps the researcher to gather information and themes related to the research topic, and at the end of the study, a theory or hypothesis if being established. On the other hand, deductive approach helps to gather primary empirical data from the research field and analyze them with theoretical underpinning and literatures already existing on the research topic. In this context, this study would explore the firms performance in turbulent environment. Thus, investigating through primary data collection would be more effective, than establishing new hypothesis in this domain. Therefore, deductive approach would be suitable for this study, compared to the inductive approach. Research Design Selecting the research design is very important, because based on the research design, the data collection method, type of sample and the research strategy is selected (Lichtman, 2012). Therefore, it is important to select the appropriate research design, based on the research aim and objectives. There are three types of research design; explanatory design is implemented when the cause and effect relationship is being established within the research variables, the exploratory research design helps the researcher to gather the peripheral information to build up knowledge on the research topic. In contrast, the descriptive research design helps the researcher to stress on the assessment of associations between uncontrolled, dependent and independent variables, while analyzing the factors affecting the research variables. Here, the researcher would select the analytical or descriptive research design, as this research design would allow the researcher to carry out the research process w ith different paradigm, focusing on different variables. This design also allows the use of mixed data collection method, including both quantitative and qualitative methods (Crouch Pearce, 2012). Data collection method and research strategy Selection of appropriate data collection method enhances the accuracy and efficiency of data analysis method and potential to gain expected research outcomes. For the primary study, there are two types of data collection methods, including the quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The quantitative data collection method includes the collection of numerical data, whereas the qualitative data collection method includes the collection of descriptive data with in-depth information, whereas a mixed data collection method involves both quantitative and qualitative data collection method. Based on the research objectives, the author would select the mixed method of data collection, which would involve both quantitative and qualitative data collection (Erickson, 2012). Based on the data collection method, the research strategy is being selected. Within several relevant strategies for the primary research, the researcher would select survey and interview strategy for this research. Both of the research strategies are suitable for this study. The survey strategy helps the researcher to collect the numerical data, which can enrich the research by incorporating wide range of numerical information. Through a series of survey questions, different themes would be revealed, based on which the analysis would be done. 50 employees of a high performing firm in Australia would be surveyed by providing online survey questionnaire and feedbacks would be collected in the same way. The questions would include the companys strategies and competitive aspects, as well as the factors promoting the strengths. In the questionnaire, there would be 5 options against each question, following the five-point Likert scale, where 1= strong positive effect and 5 = strong negati ve effect. On the other hand, for collecting the qualitative data, 5 line managers of a high performing organization in Australia would be interviewed. It would provide descriptive in-depth data, which would be helpful for understanding the perspectives of managers about the firms competence and their contribution to the firm's performance. In this context, managers would be able to express their experience in the organization and the factors that are contributing to the organizational performance in turbulent environment. Data Analysis Method Two types of data analysis methods would be used in this study, the quantitative analysis and qualitative data analysis method, for the quantitative and qualitative data respectively. The quantitative data would be obtained in numerical form, thus, the statistical analysis would be done in this case and the findings from the data analysis would be represented in graphical and tabular form; these would include excel sheets, pie charts and figures (Crowther Lancaster, 2012). For quantitative data analysis, descriptive statistics is used, if required, where the mean, median, mode and standard deviation of the collected data are done, to enhance the reliability of the data findings. In contrast, for analysis the qualitative data collected from the managers interview, the statistical methods cannot be applied, as the information or data collected from the method would be descriptive, instead of being numerical. In this case, the managerial transcripts would analyzed by thematic analysis, where different themes would be identified from the managers opinion and these would be analyzed with the pre-existing data in related literatures. Ethical consideration According to the Data protection act 1998, the researcher need to follow all the ethical considerations important in the research work (Miller et al., 2012). In this context, the researcher would allow the complete freedom to the participants about the participation in the research work. on the other hand, the researcher would ensure that all the personal and professional information collected from the participants would be kept confidential. In this regards, the researcher would not use any of the the important information from the participants in any other work except this research. In addition, the participants would provide an information sheet, where all the important aspects of this research would be clearly stated along with the role of the participants in the research (Creswell, 2011). The participants would not be asked any kinds of questions, which is not related to the research work. The mixture of all the above methodologies would be undertaken by the researcher to get the expected results related to the research problem. Selection of appropriate research methodologies would be helpful for the researcher to conduct a potential research study. Organization of the study The study would be organized in the following manner: Gantt chart Task Start Date End date Duration (weeks) Proposal 1/11/2016 14/11/2016 2 Literature Review 15/11/2016 14/1/2017 8 Data Collection 15/1/2017 14/3/2017 8 Data Analysis 15/3/2017 14/4/2017 4 Final Submission 15/4/2017 14/5/2017 4 Project Budget and Budget Justification Setting a fair budget is important for the research. In this research, for primary data collection, the budget would be decided considering all the necessary resources (Bernard Bernard, 2012). Based on the data collection methods and the other requirements. It has been estimated that around $4500 would be required for competing for the study within the given timeframe according to the proposed research organization. For collecting the primary data, arrangement of online survey and feed collection, posting and mailing cost are included in the budget. On the other hand, to arrange the managers interview, recording and other staffs would also require financial resource. The budget for both the quantitative and qualitative data collection would require around $2500. The proposed budget can vary slightly if there is a change in sample size, which would only be decided, once the access to the participants are obtained. In addition, the analysis of the would require the access of charts, t ables, figures from the government websites and hard documents. It would cost around $1000. Finally, for the thematic analysis of the qualitative data, a thorough review of existing literature would be required, which would also need allocation of some costs. It would include the literature search from the reliable search engines and libraries. This would cost around $700. For accessory requirement, $300 would be allocated. Therefore, in summary, the budget would be: Purpose Estimated Budget Data Collection $2500 Data Analysis $1000 Literature Review $700 Others $300 Reference Bergh, D. Ketchen, D. J. (2011). Research methodology in Strategy and Management, 1st ed. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd Bernard, H. R. (2011). Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 5th ed. Plymouth: Alta Mira Press. Bernard, H.R. Bernard, H.R., (2012).Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage. Chan, T. S., Cui, G. (Eds.). (2016).Asian Businesses in a Turbulent Environment: Uncertainty and Coping Strategies. Springer. Channon, D. F., Jalland, M. (2016).Multinational strategic planning. Springer. Creswell, J. W. (2011). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods Crouch, C. Pearce, J. (2012). Doing Research in Design - Page 68, 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Crowther, D. Lancaster, G. (2012). Research Methods, 2nd ed. London: Routledge. Dibrell, C., Craig, J. B., Neubaum, D. O. (2014). Linking the formal strategic planning process, planning flexibility, and innovativeness to firm performance.Journal of Business Research,67(9), 2000-2007. Dixon, S. E. (2013). Failure, Survival or Success in a Turbulent Environment: the dynamic capabilities lifecycle.Management Articles of the Year, 13. Eden, C., Ackermann, F. (2013).Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Erickson, F., (2012). Qualitative research methods for science education. InSecond international handbook of science education(pp. 1451-1469). Springer Netherlands. Harrison, R. L. Reilly, T. M. (2011). "Mixed methods designs in marketing research", Qualitative Market Research: an International Journal, 14(1), pp. 7 26 Lichtman, M., (2012).Qualitative Research in Education: A User's Guide: A User's Guide. Sage. Maxwell, J.A., (2012).Qualitative research design: An interactive approach: An interactive approach. Sage. McDonald, M. H. (2013). Ten barriers to marketing planning.Journal of Product Brand Management. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M. Jessop, J. eds., (2012).Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. Mitchell, B. (2013).Resource environmental management. Routledge. Peppard, J., Galliers, R. D., Thorogood, A. (2014). Information systems strategy as practice: Micro strategy and strategizing for IS.J. Strategic Inf. Sys.,23(1), 1-10. Pickard, A., (2012).Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Wolf, C., Floyd, S. W. (2013). Strategic Planning Research Toward a Theory-Driven Agenda.Journal of Management, 0149206313478185.

The Gulf War and the role of air power in the Gulf War in 1991 The WritePass Journal

The Gulf War and the role of air power in the Gulf War in 1991 Introduction The Gulf War and the role of air power in the Gulf War in 1991 : vii). Nevertheless, the rising number of casualties, especially amongst children worried many people. Lesley Stahl said, â€Å"We have heard that a half million children have died. I mean, that’s more children than died in Hiroshima†¦is the price worth it?† (Leigh Wilson, 2001). Secretary of State Madeleine Albright responded with, â€Å"I think this is a very hard choice, but the price – we think the price is worth it† (Leigh Wilson, 2001). An attack on the ground followed on 24 February, which brought a victory for the coalition forces, freeing Kuwait from seven months of Iraqi military occupation (Sulton, 1995, pp.195-200). Following this liberation the coalition entered Iraq and after four days (exactly 100 hours) after the ground assault on Iraq) a ceasefire was declared (Dinackus, 2000, pp. 225-230). Air Power in the Gulf War Given the major use of air power in this war, some refer to the Gulf War as the ‘1991 Bombing of Iraq’, as Iraq military was enthusiastic to show off their airpower in the region. The bombing campaign began on 17 January 1991 and from that time until the end of the conflict, the coalition forces were involved in flying over 100,000 sorties in the region. â€Å"Air power dominated the media images of the Gulf War. Video footage of precision-guided munitions hitting their targets with pinpoint accuracy remains embedded in popular memory† (Finlan, 2003, p.30). It is arguable that one of the main factors forcing the retreat of Iraqi troops was the dropping of 88,500 tons of bombs across the country, which destroyed many areas within cities. The strategy in the air was to target not only Iraqi military sites, but also to destroy structural landmarks. This appears to have made the Iraqi military embark on a defensive strategy in response to the air campaign (Finlan, 200 3, p. 33). Hallion (1992) shares this view, and argues that strategy was evolving, seen in how the coalition air forces targeted places and structures rather than citizens. These air tactics, Hallion argues, allowed coalition forces to control Iraq without causing large fatalities. He maintains that, â€Å"the air commanders of the Allied coalition could approach the prospect of war with Iraq with such confidence in the air† (Hallion, 1992: 4). It is this confidence that stopped the Iraqi air force from being able to compete with the strength and quality of the coalition forces. Posen (2003) agrees with the assertion that air power played a significant role in the Gulf War. He took the view that, â€Å"air power alone may not be able to determine the outcome of all wars, but is a significant asset. Moreover, US air power has proven potentially devastating to mechanized ground forces operating offensively†¦as was discovered in the only Iraqi mechanized offensive† (Posen, 2003: 16) This shows that, whilst air power was not on its own sufficient for the coalition forces to be outright successfully, it did contribute greatly to the overall result. In contrast, however, Press disagrees with this argument and puts forward the view that, â€Å"even after 5 weeks of bombing, the best Iraqi units†¦were willing to maneuver into the path of US forces.† (Press, 2001: 37). Although Press does agree with Hallion that the coalition forces were more superior when military supplies and availability of resources were compared. The press argues that sup erior military resources were the main factor why US-led allied team won the war, rather than the much publicised air power. However, there is considerable support among historians for the idea that air power played a significant part in Iraq’s defeat. This includes Schultz and Phaftzgraff who argue that the strategy in the air campaign was an overarching reason why the ground assault brought rapid, total success: â€Å"All major government, military, and party headquarters were wrecked; both civil and military telecommunications were totally silenced; Iraqi air defences were largely incapacitated.† (Schultz Phaftzgraff, 2001: 19). This strategy of destroying main services greatly helped the coalition forces and because of this, many scholars argue that air power played a valuable and significant role in their victory. It was true, however, that Iraqi forces had air power of their own too, and this was evident when they started off their intensive military invasion of Kuwait (Fulghum, 1991: 71-73). One of the reasons for the relatively quick takeover of Kuwait by the Iraqi military was that the former was taken by surprise, and was not able to offer much resistance, particularly in the air (Sayenga, 1991). Therefore, even at the outset of the war, air played a part, by assisting Iraq to take over Kuwait in a very speedy manner. However, when the competing allied forces confronted the Iraqi forces with similar airpower, the latter soon realised that their airpower were less superior. Despite the use of ground-to-air missiles by the Iraqi military, they were no match to the allied forces’ military ability (Morrocco, 1991: 40-43). USAF Lieutenant General Chuck Horner led the coalition forces and the overall military air strategy included the deployment of Tomahawk cruise missiles from warships. As part of the air campaign, A-10 Thunderbolts bombing large sections of Iraq, causing considerable military and civilian deaths. It can be safely argued that the air campaign led to the destruction of much of the Iraqi armed forces, and that without this air campaign, the result might have affected the outcome, such is its importance in the Gulf War. When the coalition forces were combined, their artillery total was 2,250 combat aircraft, which was significant under any circumstances, but was particularly damaging when compared to the 500 members of the Iraqi air force (Hallion, 1992). The air campaign is often referred to by its code-name, â€Å"Operation Desert Storm† and more than 1,000 sorties were sent on a daily basis (Finlan, 2003: 30-32). Iraqi defence forces were not able to stand up to this military assault, particularly when â€Å" the first night of operations over Iraq witnessed the longest bombing run in history†(Finlan, 2003: 35). This puts into perspective how significant the role of air power was, as it had never before been seen on this scale in any war in the history. The casualty numbers were kept to a minimum for the coalition forces who only suffered 75 aircraft losses out of 100,000 sorties. Faced with this air bombing onslaught, many of the Iraqi air forces fled to Iran. This was unexpected, as coalition military had assumed that the escape might be towards Jordan and had adapted their strategy for this action. After just a few weeks, the air power assault had mostly stopped by 24 February, with the successful entry into Kuwait by coalition troops. It is arguably not a coincidence that the end of the bombing campaign and the end of the War came close together. The impact of the Gulf War on the Iraqi Government Following the passing of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 in 1991, the UN deployed several other controversial measures against Iraq, (Cortright Lopez, 2000). As in the aftermath of any War, the Iraqi Government continued to experience financial difficulties as the rising costs of the war impacted across the country (Alnaswari 2000:89-119). Following the extensive bombing campaign by the coalition forces, the Iraqi Government had to start the process of reconstructing major towns and cities that had been severely destroyed by the bombs. It was reported that Iraqi planners believedthe coalition’s intention had been â€Å"to destroy or damage valuable facilities that Baghdad could not repair without foreign assistance. The worst civilian suffering, senior officers say, has resulted not from bombs that went astray but from precision-guided weapons that hit exactly where they were aimed at electrical plants, oil refineries and transportation networks.† (Gellman1991). However, it is in economic terms that the real impact of the Gulf War was felt. Alnasrawi has argued that oil was Iraq’s ‘gold dust,’ forming the bedrock of their economy and therefore the UN sanctions virtually destroyed this industry with the closure of 90% ports and 97% of exports (Alnasrawi, 2000:89-119). As long after the war as 1996, Iraq was in a dire situation, with a humanitarian crisis, and the UN agreed to offer temporary oil-for-food (OFF) program where Iraq was permitted to sell oil under very stringent conditions. Historians disagree and argue about the exact effect of this on the Iraqi Government; one report stated that, â€Å"Even under the most benign conditions, OFF only allows Iraq to be run as a relatively efficient refugee camp in which people get just about enough food to eat† (Gazdar, 2002). Although it has also been suggested that â€Å"Between the springs of 2000 and 2002, [US and UK] holds on humanitarian goods tripled† (Gor don, 2002), the financial ruin that the Iraqi Government found itself in, was as a direct result of the Gulf War. Conclusion With its many casualties and serious effect on global politics, the Gulf War remains a crucial landscape when considering modern politics, particularly in the Middle Eastern region. During its occupation by the Iraqi military, more than 1000 Kuwaiti civilians died, and thousands more fled the country never to return. As it has been shown here, there are a number of factors put forward as contributing to the invasion of Kuwait, and it has been this essay’s aim to argue that the allegation that Kuwait was stealing oil from illegal sources was the ultimate catalyst for the war, rather than the main reason. There were many different forces at play as relations between the two countries had reached volatile to say the least. Nevertheless, what is also interesting in this debate is the suggestion that interest in the conflict from coalition forces came out of an attraction to Kuwait’s oil production. Oil is in increasing demand within the Western World and it is not surprisin g that many see it as a strong underlying motive for – or at least, a significant factor in the Coalition’s engagement. This is summed up very well by Finlan, who states, â€Å"The critical issue that transformed the situation in the Gulf from a regional dispute into a full-blown international crisis was, above all, the substantial oil reserves in that area and the world’s dependence on this ‘black gold.’ If left to his own devices, Saddam Hussein possessed the ability to have influence over, or outright control of, 40 per cent of the known oil supplies on the planet by combining his own reserves with Kuwait and possibly, that of Saudi Arabia.† (Finlan, 2003: 9). In addition, it has been proposed here shown that air power had a significant role to play in the war and its eventual conclusion. The Iraqi Air Force were no match for the advanced technology at the disposal of the Coalition military, made clear during the extensive bombing campaign and also from the defensive strategy which the Iraqi army were forced to take. It has been this essay’s objective to provide evidence for the contention that the role of air power was considerable. Without the serious impact the bombing campaign had on the Iraqi forces and the Iraq infrastructure, no one knows how the Gulf War would have developed, how long it would have lasted, and what other consequences there might have been. Many lives were lost and it was clear that the Iraqi Government could not compete with the sheer scale of its opponents or stop the devastating impact on its civilians. The aftermath of the Gulf War therefore had a considerable impact upon the Iraqi Government. Arguably, the most significant effect of the war was on the economy, asthe war â€Å"produced serious hardships to the people and set the economy back to 19th Century status† (Alnasrawi, 2000: 89-119). Many academics working in this field believe that, the Gulf War laid the foundations for the more recent ‘Iraq War’ in 2003, which extends its significance even further to say the least. References Allison, W. (2012) The Gulf War, 1990-91 Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan Alnasrawi, A. (2000) Iraq: Economic Embargo and Predatory Rule Oxford: OUP Cordesman, A. Wagner, (1996) A.The Lessons of Modern War, Vol IV – The Gulf War Oxford: OUP Cortright, David, And George A. Lopez. (2000) The Sanctions Decade: Assessing UN Strategies in the 1990s. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Coyote, C. (2013) Iraq War 2013: What Really Happened Behind the Scenes, US: Charles Edmond Coyote. Danchev, A. Keohane, D. (1993) International Perspectives on the Gulf Conflict: 1990-91 London: Palgrave Macmillan Dinackus, T. (2000) Order of Battle – Allied Ground Forces of Operation Desert Storm, Oregon: Hellgate Press Finlan, A. (2003) The Gulf War 1991 (Essential Histories) Oxford: Osprey Publishings Fisk, R. (2006) The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East London: Harper Collins Flanagan, E. (1991) ‘The 100-Hour War,’ Army, April, 1991, pp 18-26. Freedman, L. Karsh, E. (1994) The Gulf Conflict 1990-1991 and Diplomacy and War in the New World Order London: Princeton University Press Fulghum, D. A. (1991). Allied Air Power, Forward Controllers Back Arabs to Make Their Drive Succeed. Aviation Week Space Technology, 134(16), 71-73. Gazdar, H. (2002) â€Å"Pre-Modern, Modern, and Post Modern Famine in Iraq† Institute of Development Studies Bulletin, The New Famines, October, Vol. 33. Gellman, B, (1991) ‘Allied Air War Struck Broadly in Iraq: Officials Acknowledge Strategy Went Beyond Purely Military Targets’ Washington Post, (June 23, 1991) Gordon, J., (Dec, 2002) ‘Cool War’Harper’s Magazine. Available at: http://harpers.org/archive/2002/11/cool-war/ [accessed 28 February 2014] Hallion, R. (1992) Storm over Iraq – Air Power and the Gulf War, Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press Hillen, J. (1991) ‘2nd Armoured Cavalry: The Campaign to Liberate Kuwait’ Armor, July-August, pp 8-12 Khaddori, M Ghareeb, E. (1997) War in the Gulf 1990-91 Oxford: OUP Leigh, D. Wilson, J. (10 October 2001) ‘Counting Iraq’s Victims’ The Guardian Available at: theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/10/iraq.socialsciences [accessed 28 February 2014]. Morrocco, J. (1991) ‘War will Reshape Doctrine, but Lessons are Limited’ Aviation Week and Space Technology, April 22, pp 40-43. Muellor, J. (1994) Policy and Opinion in the Gulf War Chicago: University of Chicago Press Posen, B.R. (2003) Command of the Commons: The Military Foundations of U.S Hegemony, International Security pp 5-46. Press, D.G. (2001) ‘The Myth of Air Power in the Persian Gulf War and the Future of Warfare’ International Security, Vol 26, Issue 2, pp 5-44 Sayenga, K. ‘Wings over the Gulf’ The Discovery Channel: Bethesda, 1991 Schultz, R. Pfaltzgraff, R. L. (1992) The Future of Air Power in the aftermath of the Gulf War Alabama: Air University Press Sulton, B. (1995) Desert Warrior: A Personal View of the Gulf War by the Joint Forces Commander London: HarperCollins

Margaret Beaufort Facts and Timeline

Margaret Beaufort Facts and Timeline Also see: Margaret Beaufort Biography   Margaret Beaufort Facts Known for:  founder of the (British royal) Tudor dynasty through her support for her son’s claim to the throneDates:  May 31, 1443 – June 29, 1509 (some sources give 1441 as birth year) Background, Family: Mother: Margaret Beauchamp, an heiress. Her father was John Beauchamp, and her first husband was Oliver St. John.Father: John Beaufort, earl of Somerset (1404 – 1444). His mother was Margaret Holland and his father was John Beaufort, first earl of Somerset.Siblings: Margaret Beaufort had no full siblings. Her mother had six children with her first husband, Oliver St. John Margaret’s mother, Margaret Beauchamp, was an heiress whose maternal ancestors included Henry III and his son, Edmund Crouchback.   Her father was a grandson of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, who was a son of Edward III, and of John’s mistress-turned-wife, Katherine Swynford. After John married Katherine, he had their children, given the patronym Beaufort, legitimized through a papal bull and royal patent.   The patent (but not the bull) specified that the Beauforts and their descendants were excluded from the royal succession. Margaret’s paternal grandmother, Margaret Holland, was an heiress; Edward I was her  paternal ancestor and Henry III her  maternal ancestor. In the wars of succession known as the Wars of the Roses, the York party and the Lancaster party were not completely separate family lines; they were much interconnected by family relationships.   Margaret, though aligned with the Lancaster cause, was the second cousin of both Edward IV and Richard III; the mother of those two York kings,  Cecily Neville  was the daughter of  Joan Beaufort  who was the daughter of John of Gaunt and  Katherine Swynford. In other words, Joan Beaufort was the sister of Margaret Beauforts grandfather, John Beaufort. Marriage, Children: Contracted marriage with: John de la Pole (1450; dissolved 1453). His father, William de la Pole, was Margaret Beaufort’s guardian. John’s mother, Alice Chaucer, was the granddaughter of the writer Geoffrey Chaucer and his wife, Philippa, who was the sister of Katherine Swynford.   Thus, he was a third cousin of Margaret Beaufort.Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond (married 1455, died 1456). His mother was Catherine of Valois, daughter of King Charles VI of France and widow of Henry V. She married Owen Tudor after Henry V died.   Edmund Tudor was thus a maternal half-brother of Henry VI; Henry VI was also a descendant of John of Gaunt, by his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster.Son: Henry Tudor, born January 28, 1457Henry Stafford (married 1461, died 1471).   Henry Stafford was her second cousin; his grandmother, Joan Beaufort, was also a child of John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford.   Henry was a first cousin of Edward IV.Thomas Stanley, Lord Stanley, later Earl of De rby (married 1472, died 1504) Timeline Note: many details have been left off.   See: Margaret Beaufort biography 1443 Margaret Beaufort born 1444 Father, John Beaufort, died 1450 Marriage contract with John de la Pole 1453 Marriage to Edmund Tudor 1456 Edmund Tudor died 1457 Henry Tudor born 1461 Marriage to Henry Stafford 1461 Edward IV took crown from Henry VI 1462 Guardianship of Henry Tudor given to a Yorkist supporter 1470 Rebellion against Edward IV put Henry VI back on throne 1471 Edward IV again became king, Henry VI and his son both killed 1471 Henry Stafford died of wounds suffered in battle on behalf of the Yorkists 1471 Henry Tudor flees, went to live in Brittany 1472 Married to Thomas Stanley 1482 Margarets mother, Margaret Beauchamp, died 1483 Edward IV died, Richard III became king after imprisoning Edwards two sons 1485 Defeat of Richard III by Henry Tudor, who became King Henry VII October 1485 Henry VII crowned January 1486 Henry VII married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville September 1486 Prince Arthur born to Elizabeth of York and Henry VII, Margaret Beauforts first grandchild 1487 Coronation of Elizabeth of York 1489 Princess Margaret born, named for Margaret Beaufort 1491 Prince Henry (future Henry VIII born) 1496 Princess Mary born 1499 1506 Margaret Beaufort made her home at Collyweston, Northamptonshire 1501 Arthur married Catherine of Aragon 1502 Arthur died 1503 Elizabeth of York died 1503 Margaret Tudor married James IV of Scotland 1504 Thomas Stanley died 1505 1509 Gifts to create Christs College at Cambridge 1509 Henry VII died, Henry VIII became king 1509 Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon coronation 1509 Margaret Beaufort died Next:  Margaret Beaufort Biography

Judicial Activism and Constitutional Interpretation Assignment

Judicial Activism and Constitutional Interpretation - Assignment Example The United States of America has a checking system of judicial activism to ensure that it is minimal and public interests are mostly protected. According to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law, judicial activism is "the practice in the judiciary of protecting or expanding individual rights through decisions that depart from established precedent or are independent of or in opposition to supposed constitutional or legislative intent". The supporters of judicial interpretations have different philosophies and the most debated among them are strict constructionists and those who believe in the living constitution.   A strict constructionist is one who believes that the words and phrases used in the law and constitution are static and hence there are limited instances of interpretations. U.S. Supreme Court nominee John Roberts has been dubbed a "strict constructionist" -- someone who believes the U.S. Constitution should be interpreted exactly as its original authors intended† (Chadwick Alex).   The main outcome of this philosophy is that judgment is based on what is written in the law and not on what it should be. Some of the popular supporters of this argument include the Supreme Court of the United States Justice Hugo Black and former U.S. Chief Justice William Rehnquist, and Chief Justice of Australia, Owen Dixon. In contrast to the strict constructionism, living constitutionalists are of the view that the law words and phrases are not static and should be treated as living and dynamic and they must be interpreted in such a manner that they are useful for the changing societal needs. As opined by David Dieteman on a living constitution, it is â€Å"one of the most nefarious influences in the minds of Americans is the notion that the federal constitution of 1787 (the "U.S. Constitution") is a "living" document† (Dieteman David). Therefore, the words and phrases in the law and constitution framed by Congress do not mean the same thing at different time points.  

Compliance of Apple Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compliance of Apple Inc - Research Paper Example Companies have shifted their operations to developing countries in order to curtail their costs and improve through economic ways. With such an approach, businesses have saved heavy taxes that could be imposed while operating in their homelands. The Economic factor is most influencing for the businesses as it directly affects revenues and profitability. Apple Inc has suppliers from China, India and other parts of the world that serve the company virtually or provide the required hardware, supplies, etc. The company has to assure compliance with standard ethics and variable economic obligations that exist in each country. It attempts to choose most reputed suppliers from around the globe so that economic and legal compliance may not be compromised while quality is maintained throughout operations (King, 2011). In the present era, societies are driven through global values and the gulf between different societies is contracting due to expanding embrace of international social values. H owever social circumstances differ geographically (Zylla, 2013). Apple Inc behaves as socially responsible entity and endeavors to aid workers as and when required to bring them in pace with the rapidly changing dynamics of the world. Apple does not allow the suppliers to overburden employees and limits the working hours per week so that they stay in good health and work efficiently in the long run. The company attempts to educate manpower of its suppliers through SEED (Supplier Employee Education Development) program.

The Effects Of Climate Change On Cambodia Environmental Sciences Essay

The Effects Of Climate Change On Cambodia Environmental Sciences Essay The world climate is always changing through a natural sequence, and it grows up quickly due to the human activities which make the world worry about. As we all know that humans depend on a sustainable and healthy environment, and yet we have damaged the environment in numerous ways which lead the climate change and global warming occur. So, what is climate change and global warming? The climate change is an adjustment in the average weather for years. Usually, when we speak of climate change on a global scale, we are referring to changes in the climate of the Earth as a whole. Whereas, global warming is the growth up of the average temperature of the Earths surface. Although, the world climate and global warming are often used interchangeably, the NASA website has given the definition of these two terms that global warming refers to surface temperature increases, while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gases amounts will affect. For instance, if we look back to the 18 centuries till now, we can many homes, factories, and transportations increase dramatically. Those places are the main places where more coal and oil are burning; then those release greenhouse gases such as CO2, SO2 to the atmosphere, which cause the earth to warm quickly. Moreover, since the late 1800s, the global average temperature has increase d about 0.7 to 1.4 degrees F (0.4 to 0.8 degrees C). Many experts estimate that the average temperature will rise an additional 2.5 to 10.4 degrees F (1.4 to 5.8 degrees C) by 2100. This can happen due to the increase in total amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which trap infrared radiation from the earth. Causes and Effects of Climate Change to the World There are two main causes of climate changes and global warming-natural and human activities. First, it is caused by natural activities like continental drift and volcanoes. Million of years back, the continental that we live today is the formed of a gradually drifting apart of landmass that changed the physical feature of the landmass, and the position of water bodies. For example, the Indian landmass is thronging towards the Asian landmass slowly, but steadily due to the increase by 1mm of Himalayan range. Moreover, the large amount of SO2, water vapor, dust, and ash were thrown out when the volcanic eruption occurred. Those gases have serious effect to the atmosphere. For instance, so2 combined with water, it produces the acid rain which causes trees to fall their leaves, land erosion, and make the color of buildings become lighter. Second, climate change is caused by human activities. If we look back the industrial revolution in 19th century, we can see more industrial grow and the large scale of car increase nowadays. People also continue to burn more fossil fuel in their everyday activities like using modern transportation, create more factories and for household use. Burning fossil fuel, it release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere which cause to earth to warm quickly. Those causes produce most serious impact to the word today as it increases of the global temperature. When the temperature increase, arctic sea ice, glaciers and permafrost are melt; therefore, the sea level is also rise. Therefore, the lowland area like Newzaland will go to flood and it will destroy the habitat of animals. Moreover, higher temperature will cause the world drought so that people and some animals may die or move to the cooler places. In addition, warmer temperature also has bad effect to human health. People will have more allergies due to heat waves and the effect of direct ultraviolet from the sun. More animals that carry disease like mosquitoes are also growth more quickly. The Effects of Climate Change and Global Warming on Cambodia as a Nation Climate change and global warming affect Cambodia in several ways. First, it causes flood and drought. Flood and draught are two main extreme climate events and occur every year in a number of provinces such as Stung Treng, Kratie, Kampong Cham, Kandal, Kampong Thom, Kampong Chhanang, Battambang, Siem Reap, Prey Veng, Svay Rieng, and Takeo. Severe floods have resulted in a high number of casualties and destruction of infrastructures. For example, the recent flood caused by Ketsana at this end of September and early October 2010 caused 43 deaths and USD132 million of GDP loss due to the destruction of production sector, infrastructures, and social sector USD132 million, 19% of GDP loss in , and 33% of GDP loss in social sector. Besides, drought in Cambodia causes Mekong has low water levels which harm to people around 60 million who live along the Mekong River. For instance, the most severe drought, which subsequently occurred in 2002, affected more than 2 million people and destroyed more than 100,000 ha of paddy fields (Analysis of Policies to Address Climate Change Impacts in Cambodia by Ministry of Environment, March 2005). Second, it causes typhoons which strike the Cambodian coastline every 2 to 5 years and normally occur at the end of the rainy season. In November 1997, Typhoon Linda hit the Gulf of Thailand. At that time, the wind spread in Sihanouk reached 60m/s. Over five days, approximately 400mm of rainfall was recorded in coastal areas. It destroyed 81 fishing boats, claiming some 100 victims and most of the paddy fields of the Sihanoukville area (MoE, 1998). Third, climate change and global warming affect to Cambodian health especially the rural people. Those have high risk in facing to the disease such as dengue fever, typhoid and diarrhea. According to the Cambodia Ministry of Health (MoH) in 2004, it stated that Cambodia already has the highest malaria fatality rate within Southeast Asia, and 500 deaths per year. It was predicted by MoH that the changing of climate will increase the numbers of Malaria by 16%. How Cambodia Respond to the Effect of Climate Change and Global Warming Cambodia is a small a country that got impact form climate change and global warming as I have mentioned in the previous MC. The below are the response of Cambodia include individual, state, and international level to climate change and global warming. As individuals, we play a vital role in helping to protect our environment by trying to reduce the green house gases that emit from our everyday life. People can use bicycles to travel or walk from place to another instead of using cars or buses which burn fossil fuels that effect to our environment. Moreover, we can use some methods of recycle and reuse for some products in order to cut down the emission of CFCs into the atmosphere and then slow down the process of increasing our global climate which will deplete the ozone layer. Nowadays, we got a modern technology so that factories can use those techniques to apply in their factory to reduce pollution and destruction to the environment. Individuals alone cannot make an effect way to deal with the climate change and global warming. State also plays an important role to respond to the effect of climate change. As we can that Cambodia is the most vulnerable to the effect of climate change due to our economy depends mainly on agriculture. Due to 80 percent of Cambodian people are farmers and they facing severe drought and flood which cause serious problems to their rice yield, the government of Cambodia introduced some new techniques to them. In order to adapt to the climate change, he suggested some methods consist of changing the way of farming by telling them to chose the right seed, practicing rice growth techniques, promoting multi purpose of farming, and requesting them to do research for new techniques. Moreover, he can make a decision and enforce the environmental law such as not to cut down the tree, and set the maximum of emission of GHGs for each industries. In addition to the state actions, it has to cooperate with international level in order to get an effective to cope with climate change. For example, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the 3rd Conference of the Parties (COP-3), held in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997. It commits 39 developing countries to reduce their GHG emissions of about 5% below their 1990 levels during the period between 2008 and 2012. Moreover, Cambodian Climate Change Alliance (CCCA) funded by Climate Change Trust Fund of 8.9 million US dollars from European Union, UNDP, SIDA, and DANIDA to cover the period 2010-2012 in the aim of supporting the integration of climate change. Taking everything into account, we can make a conclusion that climate change and global warming is a hot issue that the world is worry about and it is really related to the global governance that we have learn for a semester. The reason is that climate change has no boundaries. For example, the forest fires in Sumatra Island which located nearby Singapore and Malaysia caused a serious haze to Southeast Asia by polluting the atmosphere. When it happens, it will destroy our hold economy, infrastructures, and our health; Cambodia is an example. To deal with those problems, we have to take time and spend more money by stating from ourselves to international level. However, I can pinpoint the challenge in this topic that the government may get difficulties in dealing with the climate change in the case of air pollution. As Cambodia is a developing country, we have to think and build up our economics first. Therefore, we have to lure the investors to invest our country. In this case, industries will grow so it leads to increase the emission of CO2, CFCs which cause more pollution to the atmosphere. Moreover, I think our government still not yet gets successful in helping the farmers to cope with climate change although he introduced some new techniques to them. As more than 80 percents of Cambodian people are farmers, not all of them get support from the government. Global government plays an important role in responding to this issue. As we can see that in 1988, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to provide a credible assessment of the state of scientific knowledge on global warming. Moreover, Untied Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) adopted in 1992 which consists of 194 countries to address global climate change. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is created to allow developed countries to meet part of their reduction obligations through projects in developing countries that reduce emissions or sequester CO2 from the atmosphere.

Natasha by David Bezmozgiz

â€Å"Natasha† by David Bezmozgis is a love story. It traffics in disappointment and features â€Å"at least one cold heart. † The story has a duplicate plot story that shows how young adults have changed through time whether to deal with issues such as love, relationship, family, believes, and society. Natasha would be a good text for Thai high school classes to explore as the text encounters a lot of heavy issues that would help young adults to be aware of the consequences the outcome, social environment: sex and drugs, culture, and relationship.The text illustrates a strong negative believe that young adults are not able to control the environment distractions; sex and drugs are both issues which both the two main young characters, Berman and Natasha was a good illustration. As culture build up people to different personality and background. Western and Asian culture has cultural differences as western has an individualistic characteristics and are often more social hierarchy. Despite Asian culture, they are very collective and mostly avoid confrontations.The characters in the story had portray independent in young adult through Natasha, whereas Natasha is a 14 year old girl who is very open practically raised her self since young and seek for her mother’s attention. Despise, how she seeks for her mother’s love, she turned into a trouble child. Moreover, social environment is also an important point that defines how young adults are being shaped and how their attitudes and behaviors interact to people.As the matter of fact Natasha’s background is Russian, which the author defines that Russian has a more complex and complicated life as its natural society background that deals a lot with illegal stereotype. Young adults would be more aware of the consequences in different circumstances; therefore, young adults who are familiar with sex and drugs tend to be more likely to be pregnant.Natasha and Berman had also illustrated a forbidden sexual intercourse since young and overcome it as a normal activity. Natasha therefore, lack of relationship in family and the people surrounding her as Natasha has a love and hate relationship with her mom, they both showed a clear conflict between each other, both know where they stand with each other as there is no love between the two, they both say how they feel without having to care how the other person would feel.In other words, young adults should respect their parents and this would be a good example for Thai students not to portray a bad attitude. In conclusion, Natasha is suitable for Thai high school as it teaches Thai students to be more aware of the consequences, cultural differences in society, and it also helps Thai students to regain a good relationship with their parents. Therefore, Natasha would be a good text for Thai high school classes to look forward to.

Choosing Marathi Essay Topics

Choosing Marathi Essay Topics Ok, I Think I Understand Marathi Essay Topics, Now Tell Me About Marathi Essay Topics! Finding the most suitable arguments can help you prove your point and win. You will receive a total of 30 minutes to complete your paper. Do not be hesitant to ask questions if there are a number of unclear points. It can confuse him and become another headache to cope with. Get prepared to answer all these aspects if in the event you get this subject in the XAT Essay. The Essay Topics list is provided for English along with Hindi section. Well, the solution isn't too obvious here. To compose a terrific argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, which enables them to make an educated stance. Schools should not have anything to do with ads. Textbooks are obsolete and ought to be replaced by iPads. And you should prepare well all of the Important Essay Topics for Competitive Exams. Plenty of students put on a uni form. Thus, the essay for our staff it is simpler than ever. Writing a research paper even though may appear challenging is a considerable portion of routine student life. Ultimately, if you are supposed to write and essay but have very little knowledge or interest in the topic, don't forget that there are lots of custom essay writers which will gladly do the task for you. Make the usage of the suggested research paper topic ideas and you'll be prosperous. Inside my experience, descriptive essays are only difficult in regards to deciding just what things to write about. Like, within this essay we've given a concise introduction about Now ongoing with it here will come the most important body of the essay, inside this most important section you need to be descriptive and compose all your points, arguments, views in a suitable manner. You may find that a lot of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any sort of writing assignment. They're a chance to do some creative writing, even in the event the essay topic you decide on looks pretty boring at first. The Benefits of Marathi Essay Topics The SSC MTS Descriptive Paper will be run soon. Trade Facilitation is a significant component of AAGC Framework. But What About Marathi Essay Topics? Therefore, here are a few basic tips that will help you in writing of good descriptive essay. There are a lot of intriguing topics that could be become a persuasive essay if you take the opportu nity to think about doing it. It would be less difficult to learn more about the theme and write about doing it. 3 page essay on the large depression. You should understand completely that you're not writing a descriptive essay. You should utilize APA reference tools to aid in writing your essay the right way or employ an expert essay writer that could write the essay working with the APA reference tools. In addition, it provides the explanations for why the writer chose the topic. Luckily, you have our top-class group of writers who can assist students and teach them how to pick the most suitable essay direction. If you're confused with a selection of interesting topics to research online, it's far better to choose what interests you the most. Also, do not forget that you'll have to offer some factual evidence for your opinion (after all, any academic paper ought to be supported by academically recognized sources), so don't go for subjects which are purely opinionated and don't have any possibility of justification. You have to write a minumum of one research paper in a semester for a lot of the subjects. There's well-known that you won't have the ability to write a great insightful research paper if you're not interested in the subject overall and in the subject particularly. You will need to reveal the readers that you master of the subject and not a confused newbie who doesn't understand what he or she's speaking about. If you're in search of the topic that would be well worth exploring, focus on the little prompts presented for you in this informative article. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering a notion that might be a huge deal to somebody else. When you are requested to opt for a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with. In this column, we're likely to be sharing some of the most important and important tips that can help you realize the best outcomes. Sure, today it appears that getting your hands on any sort of information is straightforward. In high school, you're supposed to choose the sort of topic you are going to be in a position to dig into that is, it's necessary for you to make sure to can discover enough info on the topic. It is vital to protect against the kids from the dust in the home. We've provided very distinctive and general topics essay which are usually assigned to students in the school. Please choose a method of reading classic books are located at cram. In some schools and colleges, senior students take the duty of teaching as a way to clearly show their appreciation for those teachers.

Critical Analysis of I Have Dream - 838 Words

Martin Luther King s I Have a Dream: Critical Thinking Analysis Charles Briscoe PRST 3301 16 October 2012 In Martin Luther King Jr. s seminal 1963 speech I Have a Dream, King uses a number of critical thinking processes in order to present his argument. On the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, at the height of the Civil Rights Movement, King delivered a speech that is remembered now as one of the most significant pieces of oratory in the 20th century. His call was for blacks and whites to come together, for blacks to be granted greater freedoms and for America to become a nation of equals. Not only was the speech thought-provoking and emotional, but King s points were excellently handled and deftly conveyed through his use of†¦show more content†¦In this way, King lays a groundwork that implies that, if you disagree with civil rights, you disagree with the way our nation was founded. Placing that onus on the listener is a strong motivator to get them to change their opinion. King is extremely emotive in his speech, and uses incredibly descriptive and poetic phrasing to demonstrate the eloquence of his argument. His use of words like Now and today imply a great need for immediate action regarding civil rights; the fact that he is so well-spoken is intentionally utilized in the speech to lend credence to his words. Given the stereotype at the time that blacks were unintelligent and uneducated, King s responsibility to show the capabilities of black rhetoric was great. King, as a religious man, brings spirituality into the speech itself, but not in a self-aggrandizing way; he merely states that racial justice should be done as it is according to God s will. King s use of repetition (anaphora) is one of his greatest strengths in the speech; apart from the aforementioned I have a dream, he also finishes his speech with the repetitive device to let freedom ring in various locations around the country. This particular device influences because of its catchy repetition, as well as its identifier of disparate locations that are still, undeniably America. This also ha mmers home the metaphor that we, as aShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream775 Words   |  4 PagesThis critical evaluation essay will be on Martin Luther King’s speech â€Å"I Have a Dream†. This speech was delivered during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on 28 August 1963. This march was initially organized to focus on the economy, but as the date grew near, the focus shifted to social issues in the country. This march was attended by more than two hundred thousand people, to include the many actors, musicians, and the civil rights leaders. Martin Luther King said â€Å"I am happy toRead MoreThe Last Critic That Will Be Evaluated844 Words   |  4 Pagescritic that will be evaluated is Margaret B. Wilkerson. During the time that her critical study was composed, Margaret B. 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In â€Å"The Land of Opportunity†, Loewen contends that high school education methodically avoids a critical dialogue of socioeconomic inequality in America. The social class to which a student belongs greatly influences their capacity for upward mobility. If higher education is a requirement for improved economic status, then students in the lower classRead MoreUp And Down : Analysis On The Tranquil Scenery Written Out By Frost863 Words   |  4 PagesUp and Down –an Analysis on â€Å"Neither Out Far nor in Deep† As beings with the capacity to imagine, we often dream of things of which we do not have or places that can not be reached and occasionally, we may be so focused on our goal that we become short-sighted towards the happenings of now. In Robert Frost’s lyrical poem, â€Å"Neither Out Far nor in Deep,† the tranquil scenery written out by Frost is overshadowed by the darker message that is told by the poem’s quite detached lyrical â€Å"I.† Through carefulRead MoreA Critical Comparison Of Marxist Theory And Merton’S Strain1530 Words   |  7 Pages  A Critical Comparison of Marxist Theory and Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance. Introduction: This particular work will consist of a critical theoretical review and a comparative analysis on two criminological theories. For the comparison I have chosen Marx’s theory of crime and Merton’s strain theory of deviance. My critical comparison analysis will emphasise the central concepts and arguments within both theories and how each theory explains crime. The analysis will then explore modern dayRead MoreCritical Reading Reflection1081 Words   |  5 Pageswriting, critical reading, and discussion skills have developed. As I am challenged in all the previous sections mentioned I, am forced to further my skills in order to acquire decent grades. The rigorous nature of this class has pushed my comfort zone as has caused a positive shift in both of my critical reading skills and my writing. Consequently, this push has made me more, but not entirely, comfortable with a burdensome English based course. The visible growth in annotation is severe; I have drastically